由散文的文字敘述,硝梟曾反思且推敲一些假設,當然,即使造訪湘西做田野調查,這些假設仍未果,畢竟不曾直擊過落洞女,進行長期觀察和紀錄,況且真面臨如此情況,硝梟內心會十分不捨,並秉持尊重隱私與體諒家屬心情的原則,放棄紀錄。硝梟非文化學者、非文學大家,充其量不過隨筆撰寫畢生所識所聞,維持著「寫日記」習慣,純粹一江湖閑散人,才疏學淺,是以不需事事刨根究底,看到幾分的真實,便選擇性的說幾分,有所保留、有所分享。日前大學恩師、某幾位教授,共同邀請硝梟前去演講、當客座副教授,硝梟婉拒了。教授問:「怎麼連演講也不肯?」硝梟答:「沒資格。」
以下概略分析文字段落:
文字段落1)「因年齡、社會地位和其他分別,窮而老年的,易成為蠱婆,三十歲左右的,易成為巫,十六歲二十二三歲,美麗愛好性情內向而婚姻不遂的,易落洞致死。」
──事實上,蠱婆與巫的性質,完全不同於落洞女,前者是主動成為,而後者是被動變成。湘西地區之蠱術、巫術多為女系世襲,乃母傳女、姑傳姪,術法祕而不宣,自是從小學習、互存淵源,總不成突然想煉蠱施術,找個師父便能拜師學藝?沈從文先生其實是就文學角度撰文,在此硝梟以研究角度說明。
古老信仰文化中,巫覡身兼數職:神之代理者、軍參謀、相師、醫生、心理輔導員、媒人等,幾乎一手包辦,為維持和控制部落秩序,使用秘藥是必然的,故養蟲採藥以煉製各種「道具」;換言之,蠱婆與巫的幼教訓練,基本雷同,更進一步來講,兩者可互通。
何以「窮而老年的,易成為蠱婆,三十歲左右的,易成為巫」?還是不得不提,「人活一口飯」,此完全是出自經濟考量。【淺談『湘西趕屍』】一篇已論述湘西地區因受環境限制,民生貧困,相較於蠱術的需求度,巫術更為頻繁普遍。(一)婚喪喜慶、祭祖拜神,家家戶戶定請巫作法、邀眾參與;而蠱術幾乎用於隱諱難事之上,所以單價計算,蠱術費用雖高於巫術費用,但長期「承接案件」的薪資累計金額,巫術遠勝蠱術。(二)執行巫術全程儀式,因步驟繁瑣,加之承接案件的地方,範圍甚廣,時常必須跋山涉水,需要相當體力,而女性從三、四十歲後,體力開始進入下降期,因此由巫轉為蠱婆。彼此訴求經濟實惠為主。
文字段落2)「凡屬落洞的女子,必眼睛光亮,性情純和,聰明而美麗。必未婚,必愛好,善修飾,平時貞靜自處,情感熱烈不外露,轉多幻想。間或出門,即自以為某一時無意中從某處洞穴旁經過,為洞神一瞥見到,歡喜了她。因此更加愛獨處,愛靜坐,愛清潔,有時且會自言自語,常以為那個洞神已駕雲乘虹前來看她。」
文字段落3)「女子落洞致死的年齡,遲早不等,大致在十六到二十四五左右。病的久暫也不一,大致由兩年到五年,落洞女子最正當的治療是結婚,一種正常美滿的婚姻,必然可以把女子從這種可憐的生活中救出。」
文字段落4)「可是照習慣這種為神眷顧的女子,是無人願意接回家中作媳婦的。家中人更想不到結婚是一種最好的法術和藥物。因此末了終是一死。」
──陸群《神秘的湘西落洞女》研究專書內,已證實落洞女並非全是「必未婚」,後續討論。其中幾句話,就硝梟個人是不認同,「正常美滿的婚姻⋯⋯這種可憐的生活中救出」(?)、「⋯⋯結婚是一種最好的法術和藥物」(??)重申硝梟非兩性專家,是否同意這種說法,每人心中各有一把尺、一座秤,感慨相異。
文字段落5)「死時女子必覺得洞神已派人前來迎接她,或覺得洞神親自換了新衣騎了白馬來接她,耳中有簫鼓競奏,眼睛發光,臉色發紅,間或在肉體上放散一種奇異香味含笑死去。死時且顯得神氣清明,美豔照人。」
──這段文字,是真正引發硝梟解謎的關鍵。
(一)「或覺得洞神親自換了新衣騎了白馬來接她」
朋友們是否認為這不過是新郎倌的通俗打扮?沈從文先生出身湘西土家族苗族自治州鳳凰縣,不僅是文學家,更是考古學家,他必知曉苗族文化所謂「騎著白馬之人」,另有所指──即巫醫──其專職溝通陰陽,替陽間人家向陰間神官,乞求延命;則白馬象徵穿梭使者,負載巫醫魂魄往來,別稱「昂」、「宛能」、「畢摩」等,巫醫相當珍視白馬,倘使白馬不願將巫醫魂魄送回陽間,那巫醫亦死途一條。
苗族巫醫源脈可追溯先秦時代,專名「苗父」、「弟父」或「茅父」,相傳乃苗族祖先、戰神蚩尤所遺留的療傷治病秘術。西漢劉向《說苑.辨物》:「扁鵲曰:『人言鄭醫秦越人能活太子。』中庶子難之曰:『吾聞上古之為醫者曰苗父,苗父之為醫也,以菅為席,以芻為狗,北面而祝,發十言耳,諸扶而來者,舉而來者,皆平復如故。子之方能如此乎?』」(按:蚩尤傳秘醫術予苗父之研究,日後開篇淺談。)
(下)篇。
硝梟綺譚研究室,歡迎各位留言談鬼。
Version
0.2.33
Breakpoint
_ADVANCE_
Colon list
:,:
Linebreak
\r\n
Narrator list
Narrator,narrator,system,系统,旁白
Unused Palette Colors List
a4dab7,91d2a8,8ec6a1,8ec1a0,8bbc9c,a2c4c9,8eabaf,94a5a7,899ea1,869799,dac38a,caba7b,beaa79,a99b70,978a62
White List
p,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,linebreak,link,image,imagecard,profilecard,#,##,###,####,#####,######,---,alert,success,warning,danger,codeblock,showquote,devtools,mp3,background,youtube,decision
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