01-27

硝梟綺譚研究室 • 硝梟綺譚研究室(二十五)【淺談『湘西趕屍』】
最后更新: 2023年11月4日 上午4:04

「湘西趕屍」儀式世傳幽秘,硝梟淺談一二。

《禮記.檀弓上》云

「古之人有言曰:『狐死正丘首,仁也。』」意指狐將死,頭會朝出生山丘的方向,乃落葉歸根不忘本,而湘西由是而生「趕屍匠」一職。形象裡,趕屍匠或茅山祝由科道士,敲小陰鼓、搖攝魂鈴和甩軮鞭,領軍一列殭屍,蹦跳過山區歸鄉,詭譎法術、生人迴避。

是的,「生人迴避」便是湘西趕屍的重頭戲。

生人迴避,則無法窺探破解此術,傳聞紛起,產生三種主要說法

1)殭屍是死於非命、客死異鄉者。真的是運送大體。

2)殭屍是精神異常者,欲偷偷移轉,藉詭事處理。

3)非法運輸違禁品。如《楊瑯傳》內,鬼軍送棺概念一樣。

事實上,以上三種說法都曾經發生過真實事例,而本篇研究,僅第一種說法探討。

湘西古時屬貧瘠山區、地勢崎嶇,運送亡者歸鄉,本就具一定難度。普世認為移靈方式,乃將竹竿穿過大體衣袖腋下,再由兩名趕屍匠扮演大體,一前一後肩扛,中間則用麻繩綁綑四至五具大體,一起走動,因竹子有韌性彈力,所以遠方望見,便言道殭屍抬手僵跳。真是如此嗎?

1 )趕屍匠何時收屍?

首先,人死後細胞開始自行分解、組織自融,接著微生物和寄生蟲入體,腐敗,逐漸排空、產生腐臭味,死亡超過二十四小時為「晚期屍體現象」,屍體持續變化。古代無冰凍條件,趕屍匠職人亦不多,待尋得趕屍匠收屍,通常已過多日,大體狀況腐敗明顯(南方地處濕熱),即使趕屍匠使用硃砂、水銀、硫磺等藥材防腐或軟化,然欲把大體綁於竹竿上,同時運送四到五具大體,再趕路數日歸鄉,此說法並不可行。第一,四到五具大體的重量,僅憑前後兩名趕屍匠肩扛竹竿,力道根本不足;第二,翻山越嶺的路程,屍體隨時有損壞脫落的可能。

2 )趕屍匠收哪種大體?

按前一問題,朋友們或許設想,假如兩名趕屍匠,只用竹竿運送一具大體呢?這又牽涉地方經濟文化和成本效益。亡者既因貧困外出謀生,其家人又如何能給付昂貴費用?每趟趕屍,至少動用三名趕屍匠,領隊者負責敲鼓、搖鈴、甩鞭,再加兩名抬屍。是以,真正情況為趕屍匠每趟外出,必須收屍多人才回鄉,喪家們再平均運送費用。

硝梟尚未田調出詳細金額,但曾閱覽過簡略明細

1.趕屍匠聘請人數。2.祭祀費用(按規模計費,類似招魂引靈)。3.防腐費用(藥材種類)。4.住宿費(住宿專門停屍的客棧)。5.夜間城禁稅收(夜間趕屍出城,「孝敬」城門軍衛)。6.歸家喪禮費(包括下葬費用)。

古代防腐藥品,硃砂、水銀、硫磺等較為廉價,而富貴者多採用麝香、沒藥、檀粉等,例如聞名世界的「都靈裹屍布」,其真偽一直爭議不斷,曾經有學者就其布上所遺留的香氣,進行研究,發現這張裹屍布殘存麝香、沒藥等香料,極可能是耶穌門徒奉獻的香料。(按

彼時羅馬帝國富貴者,也不易購得大量的麝香、沒藥,目前「防腐香料學」紀錄中,此兩材之量計使用最多、最普遍,依然是埃及木乃伊拔得頭籌。)

相關「停屍客棧」、「趕屍客棧」,文獻紀錄不多,一般認為是義莊兼用,或營運不佳的旅社副業經營,不全然如此,防腐香料學和停屍客棧之獨特內容,硝梟日後續談。

3 )趕屍匠最可能的移靈方式?

曾經某派已屆退休的茅山道士,接受訪談,說明該派是以竹籠揹負大體,一名趕屍匠揹一具,目前這樣的移靈方式,最符合地域文化。許多文章資料與新聞採稿,甚至自稱趕屍匠者接受訪談,均敘述「日行趕屍數十里」,礙於湘西地形氣候來說,「竹籃揹屍」確實是唯一能日行數十里的方式,且依經濟成本而論,「吆喝」(叫喚亡者之意)一趟,趕屍匠可外出十幾人,祭祀費用、夜間城禁稅收便可均攤。

湘西趕屍一隱語

「三趕、三不趕」。

三趕,即指只收砍頭、絞刑和站籠。分析此隱語後,朋友們定已發現,三趕,俱是屍首分離的犯罪者,即使「大卸八塊」運送,喪家也不會意見太多,甚至因為亡者為罪犯,喪家希望隱秘進行,趕屍匠還可獲取較高收費。

三不趕,即指不收病死、自戕和雷殛。古代醫療不發達,趕屍匠不願收受染病者,生怕自己也被傳染;道法觀念中,自戕者,其怨念深、陰煞極重,會糾纏殘害生人。雷殛者,天所不容,故遭受天譴,趕屍匠又豈能違逆天意、與天作對?

4 )「三趕、三不趕」起源何時?

站籠,又名立枷,傳為唐朝武后稱帝時之酷吏,「來俊臣」所創,但值得注意一觀點,事實上,站籠刑盛行於明清,故所謂「三趕、三不趕」說法,應自明清後才逐漸出現。明末曹學佺《湘西紀行》,是明代敘述前往湘西沿途,人文風情最完整的旅遊文學,自福建福州啟程,歷時八十三天,約五千三百多里的「投荒旅行日記」,由此足見,湘西於明清始規模式發展。

許多研究者著重「殭屍貼符」一事,甚至出現「畫符驅蚊」說法,而湘西耆老口述記錄裡,最早是使用的是「紙錢」,目的為書寫亡者的個人資料,方便趕屍匠送大體回鄉時,能正確歸家。至於畫符驅蚊,硝梟個人認為,是把符咒浸泡驅蚊水、再曬乾,貼於趕屍匠額頭防蚊,又能增加神秘性,如同小說裡雲康的作法。符籙學理,留待分曉。

硝梟綺譚研究室,歡迎各位留言談鬼。


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「湘西趕屍」儀式世傳幽秘,硝梟淺談一二。



《禮記.檀弓上》云:「古之人有言曰:『狐死正丘首,仁也。』」意指狐將死,頭會朝出生山丘的方向,乃落葉歸根不忘本,而湘西由是而生「趕屍匠」一職。形象裡,趕屍匠或茅山祝由科道士,敲小陰鼓、搖攝魂鈴和甩軮鞭,領軍一列殭屍,蹦跳過山區歸鄉,詭譎法術、生人迴避。





是的,「生人迴避」便是湘西趕屍的重頭戲。



生人迴避,則無法窺探破解此術,傳聞紛起,產生三種主要說法:

1)殭屍是死於非命、客死異鄉者。真的是運送大體。

2)殭屍是精神異常者,欲偷偷移轉,藉詭事處理。

3)非法運輸違禁品。如《楊瑯傳》內,鬼軍送棺概念一樣。
事實上,以上三種說法都曾經發生過真實事例,而本篇研究,僅第一種說法探討。



湘西古時屬貧瘠山區、地勢崎嶇,運送亡者歸鄉,本就具一定難度。普世認為移靈方式,乃將竹竿穿過大體衣袖腋下,再由兩名趕屍匠扮演大體,一前一後肩扛,中間則用麻繩綁綑四至五具大體,一起走動,因竹子有韌性彈力,所以遠方望見,便言道殭屍抬手僵跳。真是如此嗎?



1 )趕屍匠何時收屍?
首先,人死後細胞開始自行分解、組織自融,接著微生物和寄生蟲入體,腐敗,逐漸排空、產生腐臭味,死亡超過二十四小時為「晚期屍體現象」,屍體持續變化。古代無冰凍條件,趕屍匠職人亦不多,待尋得趕屍匠收屍,通常已過多日,大體狀況腐敗明顯(南方地處濕熱),即使趕屍匠使用硃砂、水銀、硫磺等藥材防腐或軟化,然欲把大體綁於竹竿上,同時運送四到五具大體,再趕路數日歸鄉,此說法並不可行。第一,四到五具大體的重量,僅憑前後兩名趕屍匠肩扛竹竿,力道根本不足;第二,翻山越嶺的路程,屍體隨時有損壞脫落的可能。



2 )趕屍匠收哪種大體?
按前一問題,朋友們或許設想,假如兩名趕屍匠,只用竹竿運送一具大體呢?這又牽涉地方經濟文化和成本效益。亡者既因貧困外出謀生,其家人又如何能給付昂貴費用?每趟趕屍,至少動用三名趕屍匠,領隊者負責敲鼓、搖鈴、甩鞭,再加兩名抬屍。是以,真正情況為趕屍匠每趟外出,必須收屍多人才回鄉,喪家們再平均運送費用。

硝梟尚未田調出詳細金額,但曾閱覽過簡略明細:

1.趕屍匠聘請人數。2.祭祀費用(按規模計費,類似招魂引靈)。3.防腐費用(藥材種類)。4.住宿費(住宿專門停屍的客棧)。5.夜間城禁稅收(夜間趕屍出城,「孝敬」城門軍衛)。6.歸家喪禮費(包括下葬費用)。



古代防腐藥品,硃砂、水銀、硫磺等較為廉價,而富貴者多採用麝香、沒藥、檀粉等,例如聞名世界的「都靈裹屍布」,其真偽一直爭議不斷,曾經有學者就其布上所遺留的香氣,進行研究,發現這張裹屍布殘存麝香、沒藥等香料,極可能是耶穌門徒奉獻的香料。(按:彼時羅馬帝國富貴者,也不易購得大量的麝香、沒藥,目前「防腐香料學」紀錄中,此兩材之量計使用最多、最普遍,依然是埃及木乃伊拔得頭籌。)



相關「停屍客棧」、「趕屍客棧」,文獻紀錄不多,一般認為是義莊兼用,或營運不佳的旅社副業經營,不全然如此,防腐香料學和停屍客棧之獨特內容,硝梟日後續談。



3 )趕屍匠最可能的移靈方式?
曾經某派已屆退休的茅山道士,接受訪談,說明該派是以竹籠揹負大體,一名趕屍匠揹一具,目前這樣的移靈方式,最符合地域文化。許多文章資料與新聞採稿,甚至自稱趕屍匠者接受訪談,均敘述「日行趕屍數十里」,礙於湘西地形氣候來說,「竹籃揹屍」確實是唯一能日行數十里的方式,且依經濟成本而論,「吆喝」(叫喚亡者之意)一趟,趕屍匠可外出十幾人,祭祀費用、夜間城禁稅收便可均攤。





湘西趕屍一隱語:「三趕、三不趕」。

三趕,即指只收砍頭、絞刑和站籠。分析此隱語後,朋友們定已發現,三趕,俱是屍首分離的犯罪者,即使「大卸八塊」運送,喪家也不會意見太多,甚至因為亡者為罪犯,喪家希望隱秘進行,趕屍匠還可獲取較高收費。



三不趕,即指不收病死、自戕和雷殛。古代醫療不發達,趕屍匠不願收受染病者,生怕自己也被傳染;道法觀念中,自戕者,其怨念深、陰煞極重,會糾纏殘害生人。雷殛者,天所不容,故遭受天譴,趕屍匠又豈能違逆天意、與天作對?



4 )「三趕、三不趕」起源何時?
站籠,又名立枷,傳為唐朝武后稱帝時之酷吏,「來俊臣」所創,但值得注意一觀點,事實上,站籠刑盛行於明清,故所謂「三趕、三不趕」說法,應自明清後才逐漸出現。明末曹學佺《湘西紀行》,是明代敘述前往湘西沿途,人文風情最完整的旅遊文學,自福建福州啟程,歷時八十三天,約五千三百多里的「投荒旅行日記」,由此足見,湘西於明清始規模式發展。



許多研究者著重「殭屍貼符」一事,甚至出現「畫符驅蚊」說法,而湘西耆老口述記錄裡,最早是使用的是「紙錢」,目的為書寫亡者的個人資料,方便趕屍匠送大體回鄉時,能正確歸家。至於畫符驅蚊,硝梟個人認為,是把符咒浸泡驅蚊水、再曬乾,貼於趕屍匠額頭防蚊,又能增加神秘性,如同小說裡雲康的作法。符籙學理,留待分曉。



硝梟綺譚研究室,歡迎各位留言談鬼。


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