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硝梟綺譚研究室 • 硝梟綺譚研究室(二十八)【淺談『湘西落洞』(上)】
最后更新: 2023年11月3日 上午10:42
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「趕屍」、「放蠱」、「落洞」乃湘西聞名於世之三大謎團,「落洞」衍稱「落洞女」、「落洞花女」。「落洞」依苗語淺略語譯,意指「魂魄丟落洞內」;而「花女」,統計有三種意涵:如花似玉的年輕女子、能哭落花朵的女子,以及死亡時身體散發異香的女子。
如此綺譚僅流傳在湘西地區,所謂「落洞女」,即女子行經山洞(或井邊、溝邊),不管是被洞神選上,或自己喜歡上洞神,進而產生「人神相戀」之事件。
落洞女最早起源處,有說南苗「侗家山寨」(湖北恩施土家族苗族自治州芭蕉侗族鄉),或分佈貴州、湖南和廣西交界處的其他侗族鄉;有說「拉毫營盤寨」(湖南湘西土家族苗族自治州鳳凰縣),明清駐軍歷史約四百年。目前一般認定為湘西鳳凰縣,至於是否特指拉毫營盤寨,並無直接史料。
鳳凰地處古楚,喀斯特地貌溶洞(石灰岩洞)發達,地勢逶迤、植被繁茂,自古深存洞穴崇拜文化,硝梟【淺談『湘西趕屍』】一篇,已簡略介紹過湘西民情風俗,對於落洞女綺譚,沈從文《鳳凰集》幾段文字如是描述:
「因年齡、社會地位和其他分別,窮而老年的,易成為蠱婆,三十歲左右的,易成為巫,十六歲二十二三歲,美麗愛好性情內向而婚姻不遂的,易落洞致死。」
「凡屬落洞的女子,必眼睛光亮,性情純和,聰明而美麗。必未婚,必愛好,善修飾,平時貞靜自處,情感熱烈不外露,轉多幻想。間或出門,即自以為某一時無意中從某處洞穴旁經過,為洞神一瞥見到,歡喜了她。因此更加愛獨處,愛靜坐,愛清潔,有時且會自言自語,常以為那個洞神已駕雲乘虹前來看她。」
「女子落洞致死的年齡,遲早不等,大致在十六到二十四五左右。病的久暫也不一,大致由兩年到五年,落洞女子最正當的治療是結婚,一種正常美滿的婚姻,必然可以把女子從這種可憐的生活中救出。」
「可是照習慣這種為神眷顧的女子,是無人願意接回家中作媳婦的。家中人更想不到結婚是一種最好的法術和藥物。因此末了終是一死。」
「死時女子必覺得洞神已派人前來迎接她,或覺得洞神親自換了新衣騎了白馬來接她,耳中有簫鼓競奏,眼睛發光,臉色發紅,間或在肉體上放散一種奇異香味含笑死去。死時且顯得神氣清明,美豔照人。」(按:《鳳凰集》因出版社不同,其校稿印製的文字版本或許有所出入,請見諒。)
硝梟整合目前各方文化研究者的調查結果,說明他們對於落洞綺譚的概略分析:
湘西因地理環境,生存條件惡劣,形成彪悍民風求取生存,並好發戰爭,致使男女人口數量失衡(女多男少),且不易通婚外界,加之戀愛觀自由奔放,古老部落內,適婚年齡的美麗女子未能順利婚配,卻不願降低自身擇偶標準,對「性」產生抗拒,高傲而深情的「恨嫁」表現,導致憂鬱症諸類病徵。過世後,家人不行喪、反而辦婚,將亡女穿戴打扮成新娘,抬花轎送入令其魂魄丟落的山洞內,成為神妻。
上述乃各方文化研究者普遍觀點。
朋友們必定察覺,硝梟本篇文字盡採用「統計」、「整合」、「概略」等字眼,是的,落洞女事件,就實例資料,較之「趕屍」、「放蠱」更稀罕神秘,非常抽象,遺留證據幾乎出自當地居民口述──人類憑藉印象的敘述,多半伴隨私人情感、主觀觀點和些許錯誤記憶,言語亦添加感性字眼。
舉例:
女子 + 體味 = 理所當然比男人香(認同麼?)
美麗女子 + 體味 = 絕對香(承認是刻版印象吧!)
美麗又神秘的年輕女子 + 體味 = 男人心動 + 積極行動(彼此心照不宣,笑)
是以就硝梟個人觀點,提出幾項落洞綺譚中記載的矛盾,提供朋友們思考:
1)既男女失衡、婚配不易,那麼便無容姿較平庸之落洞女?或產生落洞男?
2)是否美麗年輕的女子出現異常行為,直接被歸類定位為落洞女?
3)按當地說法,落洞女許心獻魂予神,生活於幸福幻想中,又豈會顧影自憐、抑鬱成疾?
4)結合另一湘西謎團「放蠱」。煉蠱術傳女不傳男,可控制男性專情,果真如此,又何來「恨嫁」?
5)至今湘西古老山洞中,或多或少會發現屍骨和祭祀痕跡,部分文化研究者認為,是落洞女綺譚的明確證據。然而現場未發現新娘服飾或嫁妝物件,亦沒進行遺骸檢測,判斷性別、年齡、死亡時間跨度與死因,結論太過籠統。
下回,朋友們同硝梟,繼續梳理真相。
硝梟綺譚研究室,歡迎各位留言談鬼。
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